Vaccine for COVID19 how is development going?

– The development of the vaccine for COVID19 is the milestone of the race between laboratories around the world. The goal of this race is to save lives. See here which are the vaccines and which laboratories are carrying out the tests.

Minapim by Hernan Valenzuela: Everything will pass, the solution is on the way, we will continue to take care of the family and ourselves, the vaccine for COVID19 is already being tested, and will be offered for our protection. It is good to stay away from the media that seeks to terrify the reader, to remain positive and careful is the right strategy.

Due to the urgency and to accelerate the development and distribution of the vaccine for COVID19, different international consortia were established, involving investments of billions of dollars. This simultaneous development is likely to leave some out of the race, before reaching the necessary stages for approval.

Various types of vaccine are being researched and tested, some traditional and others experimental. Among advantages and disadvantages, it is likely that more than one vaccine will be needed to protect the world’s population.

As of the day this article is being written, 15 countries are already developing 194 vaccines, using 9 different technologies, 17 of which are already in clinical trials.

In parallel, 271 experimental treatments for the disease are ongoing.

Treatments provide tools to help patients while a vaccine is developed. Potential treatments include drugs currently used or being studied to treat other diseases, that is, previous work is being “reused”, identified or designed to treat COVID-19.

The process of developing a vaccine under normal conditions takes a decade, but due to the urgency and lethality of the COVID-19 Pandemic, deadlines are being tightened.

How Vaccines Work

Traditionally germs are injected, vaccines contain the same germs, dead or weakened, or part of the germ that causes the disease.

After the vaccine is in the body, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, as if it had been exposed to the germ. The person then develops immunity to this disease without having to get it first. The vaccine does not cure the disease, it prevents it from occurring.

The process from development to public use is estimated to be 12 to 18 months from January 2020, after the publication of the genetic sequence of the virus that causes COVID-19.

The development process has four phases before the final approval stage.

These are the different types of vaccine that are being tested: Inactivated Virus / Live Attenuated Virus / Protein Subunit / Dna-Based / Rna-Based / Replicating Viral Vector / Non-Replicating Viral Vector / Virus-Like Particle

To date, the virus has infected 13 million people and 580,000 people have lost the fight to the virus. The hope comes from those vaccines that are already being tested in the field with humans:

United Kingdom

Oxford University and Astrazeneca, AZD1222 –

According to experts, this vaccine generates antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which forms the crown of the virus. The Spike protein plays a crucial role in infection, penetrating human cells. AZD1222 was successful in the UK testing in Phase 2 clinical trials. The third is Brazil and South Africa.

China

Sinovac Biotech is the test that is also in the Human phase, Ad5-nCoV, developed by CanSino Biologics together with the Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences. This vaccine is based on the technology used to cure Ebola.

CanSino Biologics Inc, – China.

The third test in progress is CoronaVac, being developed by Sinovac, a privately held Chinese company, which has already passed to the third phase of clinical trials. Sinovac also started the third phase of testing in China and Brazil in June.

Here is a list of the main vaccines of different types being tested.

Inactivated Virus

Sinovac / Instituto Butantan Inactivated (Inactivated + Alum); Coronavac (Formerly Picovacc) Related use: Same platform as vaccine candidates for SARS Anticipated Next Steps Phase III enrolling in Brazil in July 2020; Phase II started in June 2020; preliminary results from Phase I / II trials released June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 NCT04456595, NCT04352608, NCT04383574
Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences inactivated Anticipated Next Steps Phase II began June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 NCT04412538
Wuhan Institute of Biological products / sinopharm inactivated Anticipated Next Steps Early Phase I / II trial results released June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 ChiCTR2000031809
Beijing Institute of Biological Products / Sinopharm inactivated Anticipated Next Steps In Phase II, June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 ChiCTR2000032459
Bharat Biotech whole-virion inactivated
Selcuk University inactivated
Km Biologics inactivated (inactivated + alum)
Valneva / Dynavax inactivated (inactivated + cpg 1018), vla2001
National Research Center, Egypt inactivated whole virus
Sinovac / Dynavax inactivated (inactivated + cpg 1018)
Osaka University / Biken / Nibiohn inactivated
Research Institute for Biological Safety problems, Republic of Kazakhstan inactivated
Beijing Minhai Biotechnology co., Ltd. inactivated

Protein Subunit

Vaxine Pty Ltd / Flinders University / Oracle / Medytox / Sypharma protein subunit; recombinant spike protein with advax adjuvant (covax-19) related use n / a anticipated next steps phase i trial started july 2020 clinical trials for covid-19 nct04453852
Novavax / Emergent Biosolutions / Praha Vaccines / Serum Institute of India / agc Biologics protein subunit; full-length recombinant sars cov-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with matrix m (nvx-cov2373) Funder: coalition for epidemic preparedness (cepi) / us department of defense related use: same platform as vaccine candidates for rsv, cchf, hpv, vzv , ebov anticipated next steps: will join us operation warp speed vaccine trials, phase iii trial to start in fall 2020; phase i / ii started may 2020; top-line data expected july 2020 clinical trials for covid-19 nct04368988
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical / Institute of Microbiology, Chinese academy of Sciences adjuvanted recombinant protein (rbd-dimer) related use same platform as vaccine candidates for mers anticipated next steps phase ii to start as early as july 2020; phase i preliminary results expected in september 2020; received approval to launch clinical trials in china in june 2020 clinical trials for covid-19 nct04445194
Innomedica protein subunit, talicovax19
Bogazici University peptide + novel adjuvant
Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center recombinant s protein
University of Virginia subunit intranasal liposomal formulation with gla / 3m052 adjs.
Immunoprecise / Litevax bv spike-based (epitope screening)
National Research Center, Egypt protein subunit s, n, m & s1 protein
Helix Biogen Consult, Ogbomoso & Trinity Immonoefficient Laboratory, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria subunit
Baiya Phytopharm / Chula Vaccine Research Center plant-based subunit (rbd-fc + adjuvant)
Imv, inc., Canadian Center for Vaccinology at Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Center, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Canadian Immunization Research Network, University of Laval, Global Urgent and Advanced Research and Development in Canada protein subunit; dpx-covid-19, protein subunit, peptide antigens formulated in lnp
Intravacc / Epivax outer membrane vesicle (omv) -subunit x
University of San Martin and Conicet, Argentina protein subunit
Visheng Biopharma protein subunit, recombinant protein
Wrair / Usamriid protein subunit; s protein
Verndari / University of California, Davis spike protein; vaxipatch microneedle array dermal patch
Vabiotech protein subunit, recombinant s protein in ic-bevs
Vaxil Bio protein subunit; peptide
University of Alberta protein subunit; spike based
University of California, San Diego protein subunit; plant virus nanotechnology formulated as injectable and microneedle patch
St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums protein subunit, recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on s-protein and other epitopes)
Quadram Institute Biosciences omv-based vaccine
Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, GC Pharma protein subunit
Lakepharma Inc. protein subunit, nanoparticle vaccine
Lomonosov Moscow State University structurally modified spherical particles of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)
Neovii / Tel Aviv University rbd-based
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp / Niaid / Dynavax s-2 p protein + cpg 1018
National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan protein subunit, s protein + adjuvant
Osaka University / Biken / National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan protein subunit, vlp-recombinant protein + adjuvant
Kentucky Bioprocessing (British American Tobacco) rbd-based
Oncogen protein subunit, synthetic long peptide vaccine candidate for s and m proteins
Migal Galilee Research Institute protein subunit; oral e. coli-based protein expression system of s and n proteins
Pds Biotechnology pds-0203; versamune t-cell activating technology
Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces targeted (langerhans cell specific) protein subunit; spike based
Intravacc / Epivax outer membrane vesicle (omv) -peptide
Innovax / Xiamen University / GSK protein subunit; covid-19 xwg-03 truncated spike proteins
Ibio / CC-Pharming protein subunit; subunit protein, plant produced
Heat Biologics (Zolovax) / University of Miami / Waisman Biomanufacturing protein subunit (gp-96 backbone)
Fbri Src vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo protein subunit; subunit vaccine
Expres2ion protein subunit, drosophila s2 insect cell expression system vlps
Fbri Src vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo protein subunit; peptide vaccine
Generex / Epivax protein subunit; ii-key peptide
Flow Pharma protein subunit, peptide
Epivax / University of Georgia protein subunit; s protein
Epivax protein subunit epv-cov-19
Anygo Technology protein subunit, recombinant s1-fc fusion protein
Biomvis Srl / University of Trento omv-based vaccine
Baylor College of Medicine protein subunit; s1 or rbd protein
Biological and Ltd protein subunit; adjuvanted protein subunit (rbd)
Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc. orally delivered, heat stable subunit
Axon Neuroscience SE peptides derived from spike protein
Chulalongkorn University / GPO, Thailand rbd protein fused with fc of igg + adjuvant
Aj Vaccines protein subunit; s protein
University of Pittsburgh pittcovacc, protein subunit, microneedle arrays s1 subunit
University of Cambridge / Diosynvax protein subunit; s protein
Sanofi Pasteur / GSK protein subunit; s protein, baculovirus production
Vido-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan protein subunit, adjuvanted microsphere peptide
Prevent-Ncov CVonsortium (Adaptvac, Institute for Tropical Medicine at University of Tubingen, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Copenhagen, Expres2ion Biotechnologies, Wageningen University) / Bavarian Nordic protein subunit, capsid-like particle (clp)
Umn Pharma (Shionogi) protein subunit; recombinant protein vaccine, using baculovirus expression vector system technology

DNA-Based

Inovio Pharmaceuticals / Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology / Vgxi Inc./ Richter-Helm Biologics / Ology Bioservices dna plasmid vaccine with electroporation; ino-4800 Funder: Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI) / Gates Foundation / US Department of Defense Related use: Same platform as multiple vaccine candidates Anticipated Next Steps: Phase I initial data released June 30, 2020; Phase II / III trials start July / August 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19: NCT04336410, NCT04447781
Genexine Consortium (Gennbio, International Vaccine Institute, Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology (Kaist), Pohang University Of Science And Technology (Postech) / Binex dna vaccine (gx-19) Related use N / A Anticipated Next Steps: Phase I to start in July 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 NCT04445389
Statens Serum Institute, Denmark Dna Plasmid, Covaxix
Osaka University / Anges / Takara Bio / Cytiva Dna Plasmid
Ege University DNA
Scancell / University Of Nottingham / Nottingham Trent University Dna Plasmid Vaccine Rbd & N
Mediphage Bioceuticals / University Of Waterloo Msdna Vaccine
Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited Dna Plasmid
Entos Pharmaceuticals / Cytiva Dna; Covigenix
National Research Center, Egypt Dna Plasmid Vaccine S, S1, S2, Rbd & N
Chula Vaccine Research Center Dna With Electroporation
Takis / Applied Dna Sciences / Evvivax Dna
Symvivo Bactrl-Spike
Immunomic Therapeutics / Epivax / Pharmajet Dna Plasmid, Needle-Free Delivery
Bionet Asia Dna
Opencorona – Cobra Biologics / Karolinska Institute Dna With Electroporation

Rna-Based

Moderna / Niaid / Lonza / Catalent / Rovi Rna; Lnp-Encapsulated Mrna (Mrna 1273) Funder: Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI) / Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) Related use: Same platform as vaccine candidates for multiple candidates Anticipated Next Steps: Will join US Operation Warp Speed vaccine Phase III trials in July 2020; Completed enrollment for both cohorts of the Phase II study in early July 2020; FDA granted fast track designation May 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19: NCT04283461, NCT04405076
Biontech / Fosun Pharma / Pfizer 3 Lnp-Mrnas; Bnt162 Related use N / A Anticipated Next Steps: FDA granted Fast Track designation for two BNT162 candidates (BNT162b1 and BNT162b2); Phase IIb / III trial may start as early as July 2020 (not participating in the NIH testing program); Phase I / II started April 2020; first data released July 1, 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19: EudraCT 2020-001038-36, NCT04368728
Curevac Rna; Mrna Funder: Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI); European Commission; Gates Foundation; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); German Government; European Investment Bank (EIB) Related use: Same platform as vaccine candidates for RABV, LASV, YFV, MERS, InfA, ZIKV, DengV, NIPV Anticipated Next Steps: Start Phase I / IIa trial June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19: NCT04449276
Imperial College London / Vacequity Global Health Rna; Lnp-Ncovsarna Funder: UK Government Related use: Same platform as vaccine candidates for EBOV, LASV, MARV, Inf (H7N9), RABV Anticipated Next Steps: Phase I / II trial started June 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19: ISRCTN17072692
People’s Liberation Army (Pla) Academy Of Military Sciences / Walvax Biotech Mrna
Selcuk University Mrna
Chula Vaccine Research Center / University Of Pennsylvania Lnp-Mrna
Chimeron Bio / George Mason University’s National Center For Biodefense And Infectious Disease Self Amplifying Rna, Self-Assembling Delivery System
Arcturus / Duke-Nus / Catalent Lunar-Cov19; Rna; Mrna
Ziphius Therapeutics / Ghent University Rna; Zip-1642, Vaccine Consists Of A Combination Of Mrna Molecules, Encoding Multiple Sars-Cov-2 Antigens
University of Tokyo / Daiichi-Sankythe Rna; lnp-encapsulated mrna
Rnaimmune, Inc. Rna; Several Mrna Candidates
Max Planck Institute Of Colloids And Interfaces Mrna In Targeted Lpns (Langerhans Cell Specific)
Geneone Life Science / Houston Methodist Rna
Greenlight Biosciences Mrna
Fudan University / Shanghai Jiaotong University / Rnacure Biopharma Rna; Lnp-Encapsulated Mrna Cocktail Encoding Rbd
Idibaps– Hospital Clinic, Spain Mrna
Fudan University / Shanghai Jiaotong University / Rnacure Biopharma Rna; Lnp-Encapsulated Mrna Cocktail Encoding Vlp
China Cdc / Tongji University / Stermina Rna; Mrna
Fbri Src Vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo Rna; Mrna
National Biotechnology Center (Cnb-Csic), Spain Rna; Replicating Defective Sars-Cov-2 Derived Rnas
Cansino Biologics / Precision Nanosystems Rna; Mrna Lipid Nanoparticle (Mrna-Lnp)
Sanofi Pasteur / Translate Bio Lnp-Mrna
Etherna Immunotherapies / Epivax / Nexelis / Reprocell / Center For The Evaluation Of Vaccination Of The University Of Antwerp Rna; Mrna In An Intranasal Delivery System (Cross-Strain Protective Cov-2 Mrna) Vaccine For High-Risk Populations
Biocad Rna; Liposome-Encapsulated Mrna

Replicating Viral Vector

Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited Replicating Viral Vector; Measles Vector
Dzif – German Center For Infection Research / Canvirex Ag
Measles Virus (S, N Targets)
Israel Institute For Biological Research / Weizmann Institute Of Science Vsv-S
The University Of Hong Kong Replicating Viral Vector, Influenza Vector Expressing Rbd
The Lancaster University, Uk Avian Paramyxovirus Vector (Apmv)
University Of Western Ontario Replicating Viral Vector; Vsv-S
Tonix Pharma / Southern Research Replicating Viral Vector; Horsepox Vector Expressing S Protein; Tnx-1800
Ku Leuven Replicating Viral Vector; Yf17d Vector
Intravacc / Wageningen Bioveterinary Research / Utrecht Univ. Newcastle Disease Virus Vector (Ndv-Sars-Cov-2 / Spike)
Fbri Src Vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo Replicating Viral Vector; Measles Vector
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz And Instituto Buntantan Attenuated Influenza Expressing An Antigenic Portion Of The Spike Protein
Fbri Src Vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo Replicating Viral Vector; Vsv Vector
Biocad / Iem Replicating Viral Vector, Live Viral Vectored Vaccine Based On Attenuated Influenza Virus Backbone (Intranasal)
Fbri Src Vb Vector, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo Replicating Viral Vector, Recombinant Vaccine Based On Influenza A Virus, For The Prevention Of Covid-19 (Intranasal)
University Of Wisconsin-Madison / Flugen / Bharat Biotech M2-Deficient Single Replication (M2sr) Influenza Vector
Iavi / Merck Replicating Viral Vector, Replication-Competent Vsv Chimeric Virus Technology (Vsvdeltag) Delivering The Sars-Cov-2 Spike (S) Glycoprotein
Institut Pasteur / Themis / University Of Pittsburgh / Merck Replicating Viral Vector; Measles Vector

Non-Replicating Viral Vector

Consortium Of The Jenner Institute, Oxford Biomedica, University Of Oxford, Vaccines Manufacturing And Innovation Center, Pall Life Sciences, Cobra Biologics, Halixbv, Advent S.R.L., Merck Kgaa, The Serum Institute, Vaccitech, And Astrazeneca Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Azd 1222 (Formerly Chadox1)
Cansino Biologics / Beijing Institute Of Biotechnology / Canada’s National Research Council Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Adenovirus Type 5 Vector (Ad5-Ncov)
Gamaleya Research Institute Adeno-Based
Ankara University Adenovirus-Based
Id Pharma Sendai Virus Vector
Dzif – German Center For Infection Research / Idt Biologika Gmbh Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Mva-S Encoded
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies / Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Emergent Biosolutions / Catalent Ad26.Cov2-S, Non Replicating Viral Vector; Ad26 (Alone Or With Mva Boost)
National Research Center, Egypt Influenza A H1n1 Vector
Immunitybio / Nantkwest Non-Replicating Viral Vector; [E1-, E2b-, E3-] Had5-Covid19-Spike / Nucleocapsid
Valo Therapeutics Ltd Adenovirus-Based + Hla-Matched Peptides (Pan-Corona)
University Of Manitoba Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine
University Of Georgia / University Of Iowa Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Parainfluenza Virus 5 (Piv5) -Based Vaccine Expressing The Spike Protein
Stabilitech Biopharma Ltd Oral Ad5 S
National Center For Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology (Biotec) / Gpo, Thailand Inactivated Flu-Based Sars-Cov2 Vaccine + Adjuvant
Idibaps– Hospital Clinic, Spain Mva-S
Geovax / Bravovax Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Mva Encoded Vlp
Greffex Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Ad5 S (Grevax ™ Platform)
Centro Nacional Biotecnologia (Cnb-Csic), Spain Non-Replicating Viral Vector, Mva Expressing Structural Proteins
Bharat Biotech / Thomas Jefferson University Recombinant Deactivated Rabies Virus Containing S1
Vaxart / Emergent Biosolutions Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Oral Vaccine Platform
Reithera / Leukocare / Univercells Non-Replicating Viral Vector; Replication Defective Simian Adenovirus (Grad) Encoding Sars-Cov-2 S
Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center At Mass. Eye And Ear / Avexis, A Novartis Company / Viralgen / Aldevron /Catalent / Penn Medicine Aavcovid, Adeno-Associated Viral Vector (Aav), Spike Protein
Altimmune / University Of Alabama At Birmingham Adcovid; Single-dose, Intranasal Vaccine; Non Replicating Viral Vector; Adenovirus-Based Nasovax Expressing Spike Protein

Virus-Like Particle

Medicago Inc./ Gsk Vlp (Covlp) + Adjuvant
Medicago Inc. Vlp; Plant-Derived Vlp Adjuvanted With Gsk Or Dynavax Adjs.
Medicago Inc./ Dynavax Vlp (Covlp) + Adjuvant (Cpg 1018)
Middle East Technical University Vlp
Osivax Vlp (Covid-19 And Sars1)
Doherty Institute Vlp; Unknown
Vbi Vaccines / National Research Council Of Canada Enveloped Virus-Like Particle (Evlp): Pan-Coronavirus Vacina Candidate, Targeting Covid-19, Sars, And Mers, Spike Protein
Mahidol University / The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (Gpo) /
Siriraj Hospital Vlp + Adjuvant
Irsicaixa Aids Research / Irta-Cresa / Barcelona Supercomputing Center /
Grifols S Protein Integrated In Hiv Vlps
University Of Sao Paulo Vlps Peptides / Whole Virus
Learn Gmbh Vlp; Virus-Like Particle, Based On Rbd Displayed On Virus-Like Particle
Navarrabiomed, Oncoimmunology Group Virus-Like Particles, Lentivirus, And Baculovirus Vehicles
Artes Biotechnology Vlp; Evlp
Imophoron Ltd / Bristol University’s Max Planck Center Vlp; Addomertm Multiepitope Display

Live Attenuated Virus

Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University / Acibadem Labmed Health Services a.s. codon deoptimized live attenuated vaccine Anticipated Next Steps Unknown Clinical Trials for COVID-19 N / A
Meissa Vaccines mv-014-210 Related use Same platform as vaccine candidates for RSV Anticipated Next Steps Start Phase 1 beginning of 2021 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 N / A
Indian Immunologicals Ltd / Griffith University codon deoptimized live attenuated virus Related use N / A Anticipated Next Steps Unknown Clinical Trials for COVID-19 N / A
Codagenix / Serum Institute of India codon deoptimized live attenuated virus Related use Same platform as vaccine candidates for HAV, InfA, ZIKV, FMD, SIV, RSV, DENV Anticipated Next Steps Animal data in summer 2020 Clinical Trials for COVID-19 N / A

Source: Milken Institute

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